During 1991 to 1997, vascular tissue engineering emphasized creating endothelial-friendly grafts through surface modification, receptor-mediated interactions, and incorporation of biochemical cues. Research prioritized rapid endothelialization, controlled neovascularization, and graft patency via growth factor delivery and anti-coagulant coatings, alongside scaffold designs that promote tubular tissue morphology. The period marked a shift toward biomaterial–cell integration, signaling a move from static implants to adaptive, remodelable vascular constructs.